Founding Narratives

This graduate research seminar will examine a number of seminal narratives that define the Americas as textual, contextual, continental, and incontinent narrative genre.

Our purpose is to trace and seek a fuller understanding of the genesis of American narratives by re-evaluating the processes of "worlding" the New World and the modes that narrate cultural forms and textual significance said to be distinctly peculiar to the Americas. We shall scrutinize, comparatively and contrapuntally those distinctions and claims of particularity.
 

For the most part, we shall be reading narrations that emanate from axiomatic paradigms that inevitably founder on historical contingencies. The seminar will focus on the dialectical theses and antithetical energies that issue from processes of cultural self-definition and national self-fashioning in the contexts of the Americas. Topics to be examined and discussed are listed as headings for weekly assignments.
 

Requirements and Procedures
 

1. Preparation of weekly assigned readings on the syllabus. Each student is expected to prepare at least two items, and from more than one language area, from among the weekly assignments. Preparation should entail the reading of the item and writing of a precis (minimum of half page, typed) of each  chosen item. Also, at least two items from "Secondary readings" should be read for each week. The reading preparation should serve as basis for each student's contribution to the discussion during the seminar sessions. This preparation, as well as regular attendance, are expected of all seminarians, whether attending as registered matriculants or as auditors.
 

2. A mid-term oral presentation and a final oral presentation (15 minutes each) are required of all seminarians. Those regularly registered will use these presentations in developing their mid-term and final papers. The mid-term paper should be 10 pages and the final paper 20 pages, prepared in typescript form for publication (MLA Handbook Style). Auditors, while expected to prepare materials assigned for each seminar session, are not required to submit finished papers, though papers submitted by any auditor will be duly read and critiqued.
 

3. The seminar will be conducted in English, though the official languages of the seminar are English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French and written work may be submitted in any of these languages. Oral presentations should be in English, since this is the language all the seminarians have in common.
 

4. For those enrolled for a grade, the final grade will be based on weekly preparation and participation (20%), mid-term and end-term oral presentations (30%), mid-term paper (20%), final term paper (30%).
 

5. The following texts have been ordered for the seminar through the university bookstore and should be purchased for the seminar and/or your personal library. A copy of these will also be available on reserve in the Reserve Book Room:
 

6. Work calendar is subject to change, as necessary, according to the pace of the seminar and evolving interests of the seminarians.
 

7. A copy of the materials, other than complete volumes, placed on reserve is also available in 311 Burrowes and you should make a working copy for your own files. However, everyone should examine the original source in the Reserve Book Room from which these materials are culled.
 
 

WEEKLY SYLLABUS
Topics and Assignments
 

I. Providence: Provisions and Improvisations

1. Capitulaciones de Santa Fé (1492). In  Repertorium Colombianum. Volume II: The Book of Privileges. . . . Helen Nader ed., trans. Berkeley: UCal P, 1996. Pages 63-75 (Columbus' Spanish original: pp. 263-279). E112. S74. 1996*[*=on reserve in The Pattee Library Reserve Book Room] 2. Letters Patent Granted to John Cabot by Henry VII (1497). In Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History. W. Keith Kavenagh, ed. N.Y.: Chelsea House/RR Bowker Co., 1973. Vol. 1, pp. 18-19. JK49.K38.v.1* 3. Charter of the Virginia Company (1606). In Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History. W. Keith Kavenagh, ed. N.Y.: Chelsea House/RR Bowker Co., 1973. Vol. 3, pp. 1698-1704.* (Also see pp. 1682-1683 for abbreviated version of item 1 above). JK49.K38.v.3*

Secondary readings: Harold J. Cook, "Ancient Wisdom, the Golden Age, and Atlantis: The New World in the Sixteenth-Century Cosmography," Terrae Incognitae 10 (1979): 24-43; Rafael Diego Fernández. Capitulaciones colombianas (1492-1506) Michoacán, Méx.: El Colegio de Michoacán, 1987; Stephen Greenblatt. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World.
Chicago: U Chicago P, 1991, chap. 3; Djelal Kadir, Columbus and the Ends of the Earth. Berkeley: U California Press, 1992, chap. 4; Ciriaco Pérez Bustamante, ed. Libro de los privilegios del Almirante Don Cristóbal Colón (1498). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1951; Edmundo O'Gorman, The Invention of America. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1961. Wm. C. Spengemann, A
New World of Words: Redefining Early American Literature. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994, chap.4

1. Cristóbal Colón, Diario (1492). In The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America 1492-1493. Oliver Dunn and James E Kelley, Jr., trans/eds. Norman: U Oklahoma P, 1989. Pages 16-77. E118.C725.1989*; Carta a Santangel (1492) In Colección de los viages y descubrimientos. Navarette, ed. Buenos Aires: Editorial Guarani, 1945. Pages 297-304. E123.N52, t.1*; The Libro de las profecías of Christopher Columbus. Delano C. West and August Kling, trans. Gainsville: U of Florida P, 1991. Pages 100-226 (English faced with Latin And Spanish original). E117.L5313.1991* [vid. Alejo Carpentier, El arpa y la sombra, 1979].

2. Pêro Vaz de Caminha, A Carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha. Jaime Cortesão, ed. Lisboa: Portugalia Editora, 1967. Pages 153-156; 221-257.* Xeroxed excerpt on Reserve. English trans. "Letter of Pedro Vaz de Caminha to King Manuel" in The Voyage of Pedro Alvarez Cabral to Brazil and India.  Hakluyt Society Series II, vol. 81. Wm. Brooks Greenlee, trans. Nendeln/Leichstenstein: Kraus Reprint, Ltd., 1967. Pages 3-33. G161.H2. 2d ser.no.81*

3. John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity." In The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry. Perry Miller, ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. Pages 78-84. PS 530. M48.1956*

Secondary readings: Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Visão do Paraíso: os motivos edênicos no descobrimento e colonização do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1959; Jaime Cortesão, A Carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha. Lisbon: Portugália, 1967; Anna Unali, La "Carta do Achamento" di Pêro Vaz de Caminha. Milano: Cisalpino Goliardica, 1984 (more legible facsimile than Cortesão. Commentary in Italian); Djelal Kadir, Columbus and the Ends of the Earth. Berkeley: U California Press, 1992, chaps. 1-2; Myra Jehlen, American Incarnation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986, "Introduction," pp. 1-21
 

1. Pope Alexander's Inter caetera  ("Bull of Donation," 1493). In In Repertorium Colombianum. Volume II: The Book of Privileges. . . . Helen Nader ed., trans. Berkeley: UCal P, 1996. Pages 93-98 (Latin original: pp. 347-354). E112. S74. 1996*

2. Fr. Bartolomé de las Casas, Treinta preposiciones muy jurídicas

3. Fr. Manuel de Nóbrega, from Diálogo sobre a conversão do gentio  (1556). In Ensaio crítico e transcrição integral do Dialogo da conversão do gentio. Mecenas Dourado, ed. Rio de Janeiro: Clásicos Brasileiros, 1968. Pages 179-216. F259.3 M5 D6*

4. Robert Cushman, from Reasons and Considerations  (1622). In The Journal of The Pilgrims at Plymouth, in New England, in 1620Š: Mourt's Relation. George B. Cheever, ed. New York: John Wiley, 1848. Pages 99-108. F68. M9287*

5. Antônio de Vieira, Letter to King Alfonso VI of Portugal from Maranhão, April 20, 1657. In Cartas do Padre António Vieira. J. Lúcio de Azevedo, ed. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1970. Vol. 1, pp. 442-453. F2528.V62 1970 t.1* [check also A Historia  do futuro (pub. 1718)]

Secondary readings: Djelal Kadir, Columbus and the Ends of the Earth. Berkeley: U California Press, 1992. Chap. 6; Ronald W. Sousa, The Rediscoverers. University Park: Penn State UP, 1981, esp. pp.46-75, re Antônio de Vieira; Fred G. Strum, "'Estes têm alma como nós?': Manuel Nobrega's View of the Brazilian Indians," in Alfred Hower and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds., Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: Univ Presses of Florida, 1985, pp. 72-82; Oscar
Handlin, "The Significance of the Seventeenth Century," in James Morton Smith, ed., Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History. Chapel Hill: U N. Carolina P, 1959; Perry Miller, Nature´s Nation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1967, chap. 2

1. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, "Cómo doña Marina era cacica, e hija de grandes señores." In Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 1955. Vol. 1.  cap. 37, pp. 123-124. 972.02 D547h 1955 t.1*

2. Captain John Smith, re: Smith's rescue by Pocahontas. InThe Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624). Glasgow: University Press / Ny: Macmillan, 1957. Vol.1, bk. iii, ch. 2, pp.96-100; also pp.234-240. 973.21 Sm6g v.1*

3. Francisco Nuñez Pineda y Buscañan, "La hija de Maulican" from Cautiverio feliz (1629; pub. 1673). In Colección de Historiadores de Chile. Tomo III, lib.II, cap.17-18, pp.448-455. F3051 .C69.* See, in English, The Happy Captive. Wm. C. Atkinson, trans. London: The Folio Society, 1977, chapts. 7 & 9.  F3091 .N82213 1977*

4. Juan Rodríguez Freile, "Las dos primeras mentiras del mundo"; "El castigo de la bruja García"; "Las argucias de la fiscala." from La historia de Nueva Granada, alias, El Carnero (1636;pub. 1859). In Ficciones de "El Carnero."  Hector Horjuela, ed. Bogota: Ediciones La Candelaria, 1974. Pages 29-32; 35-42; 86-100. F2272 .R692 1974*

5. John Winthrop, "Journals, 1636-38" re. Mrs. Hutchinson and The Antinomian Crisis. In The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry. Perry Miller, ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. Pages 49-59. PS 530. M48.1956*

6. Cotton Mather, from The Wonders of the Invisible World,  (1692): "The Trial of Martha Carrier"  In Part 5. Witchcraft -- New England. BF1575.C18 (Rare Books Room)

Secondary readings: Octavio Paz, from El laberinto de soledad;  Amy Schrager Lang, Prophetic Women: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England. Berkeley: UCal Press, 1989; Sandra Messinger Cypess, La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth. Austin: U Texas Press, 1991; Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Mrs. Hutchinson," (1830) in Tales and Sketches;  Heloísa Buarque de Holanda, "Os estudos sobre mulher e literatura no Brasil: uma primeira avaliação," in Albertina de Oliveira Costa and Cristina Bruschini, eds., Uma questão de gênero. Rio de Janeiro: Rosa dos Tempos, 1992; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. N.Y.: Routledge, 1995; Rachel Phillips, "Marina/Malinche: Masks and Shadows," in Women in Hispanic Literature: Icons and Fallen Idols,  ed. Beth Miller. Berkeley: U California P,  1983, pp. 97-114
 

1. Charles Brockden Brown, Wieland, or The Transformation (1798); "Preface" to Edgar Huntly (1799)

2. Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, "Carta de despedida a los mexicanos" (1821). In Ideario político. Edmundo O'Gorman, prolg.Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1978. Pages 5-15. F1232   .M6777 1978* [vid. Reinaldo Arenas, El mundo alucinante, 1969]

3. José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, El Periquillo sarniento (1816)

4. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar" (1837). LA228 .E5 1955

Secondary readings: Antonio Benítez-Rojo, "José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi and the Emergence of the Spanish American Novel as National Project," MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly 57:2 (June 1996), pp. 325-339; William Hedges, "Charles Brockden Brown and the Culture of Contradictions," Early American Literature 9 (Fall 1974), pp.107-142; David Salles, ed.  Primeiras manifestações da ficção na Bahia. São Paulo: Cultrix, 1979; Harold Bloom, Figures of Capable Imagination. N.Y.: The Seabury Press, 1976, chap.3; Robert S. Levine, Conspiracy and Romance: Studies in Brockden Brown, Cooper, Hawthorne and Melville. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989.

VI. Reason and Reconsiderations: Principals and Principalities

1. John Dickinson, from Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768)

2. Thomas Paine, Comon Sense (1776)

3. Simón Bolivar, "Carta de Jamaica," (Sept. 6, 1815); "Address to the Second National Congress of Venezuela," (Angostura, Feb. 15, 1819); "Carta a José Joaquín de Olmedo" (1825) [vid. Gabriel García Márquez, El General en su laberinto, 1989]

4. Benjamin Franklin, "An Edict by the King of Prussia" (1773), "The Ephemera: An Emblem of Human Life" (1778)

5. Santiago Nunes Ribeiro, "Da Nacionalidade da Literatura Brasileira" Minerva Brasiliense (Rio de Janeiro), I:1 (1.11.1843), pp. 7-23 & I:2, pp.111-115

Secondary readings:  Afrânio Coutinho, "Os problemas  da nacionalidade e originalidade da literatura brasileira," Revista Iberoamericana 65 (enero-abril 1968); Djelal Kadir, "The Posts of Coloniality," Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée,  27:3  (September 1995), pp. 431-442 ; Robert Ferguson, "We Hold These Truths": Strategies of Control in the Literature of the Founders," in Sacvan Bercovitch, ed. Re-Constructing American Literary History.
Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986, pp. 1-28; Edwin G. Burrows & Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation," Perspectives in American History VI (1972), pp.167-306

VII. Dual Assertions: Asserted Dualities and Occluded Duplicities

1. Simon Rodríguez, Sociedades americanas (1828) [vid. Arturo Uslar Pietri, La isla de Robinson, 1987]

2. Herman Melville, Benito Cereno (1856)

3. Machado de Assis, Memórias póstumas de Braz Cubas (1881)

4. Walt Whitman, from Democratic Vistas (1871)

5. José Martí, "El poeta Walt Whitman" (1887) in Obras completas. Havana: Editorial Lex, 1953, p.1137 / "Walt Whitman," trans. Luis Baralt, in Martí on the USA. Carbondale: S. Illinois UP, 1966, pp.13-16).

Secondary readings: Luis Washington Vita, "El pensamiento filosófico en el Brasil," Américas (Washington, 1971) 23:2, pp.18-23; Carolyn Karcher. Shadow over the Promised Land: Slavery, Race and Violence in Melville´s America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1980; Eric J. Sundquist, "Benito Cereno and New World Slavery" in Sacvan Bercovitch, ed. Re-Constructing American Literary History. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986, pp. 93-122; David T. Haberly, Three Sad Races: Racial Idnetity and National Consciousness in Brazilian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983; Enylton de Sa Rego, "Preface" to The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas by Machado de Assis. Tr. Gregory Rabassa. N.Y.: Oxford UP, 1998; Susana Rotker, "Simón Rodríguez: Tradición y revolución," in Esplendores y miserias del siglo XIX. Cultura y sociedad en America Latina. Beatriz González, Javier Lasarte, Graciela Montaldo y Maria Julia Daroqui, eds. Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, 1995, pp. 161-182; Susan Sontag, "Afterlives: The Case of Machado de Assis," New Yorker 66 (May 7, 1990), pp. 102-108

VIII. Nature: Natural Nations and National Natures
 

1. Benjamin Franklin, "Letter to Richard Jackson" (May 5, 1753)

2. Michele-Gillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer  (1782)

3. Caroline Matilda Stansbury Kirkland, A New Home. . .Who´ll Follow? (1839). Ed. William S. Osborne. New Haven: College, 1965

4. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Facundo  (1845)

5. Andrés Bello, "Epistola escrita de Londres a Paris por un americano a otro" (1827); from Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos (1847) in Obras Completas IV

6. José de Alencar, Iracema (1865)

Secondary readings: Perry Miller, Nature´s Nation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1967, chaps. 1 & 14; Marcia Kline, Beyond the Land Itself: Views of Nature in Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1970; Ricardo Piglia, "Notas sobre Facundo," Punto de Vista 8 (Bs.As., 1980); Doris Sommer, Foundational Fictions: National Romances of Latin America. Berkeley: U California P, 1991, chap. 2; Silviano Santiago, "Liderança e hierarquia em Alencar," Vale cuanto pesa (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1982), 89-116; Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," American Quarterly XVIII (1966), pp. 151-174; Myra Jehlen, American Incarnation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986, chaps. 1-2; Cecelia Tichi, New World, New Earth. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979; William Cronon, Changes in the Land. N.Y.: Hill & Wang, 1983, chaps. 3-4; Judith Fetterley, ed. Provisions: A Reader from Nineneteenth-Century American Women. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1985, re. Kirkland

IX. MID-TERM PRESENTATIONS
 

X. Second Nature: Critical Culture and Cultural Critique

1. Emerson, Nature (1836)

2. Simón Rodríguez, Luces y virtudes sociales (1834); Consejos de amigo dados al Colejio de Latacunga (1845)

3. Frances Calderón de la Barca, Life in Mexico (1843)

4. Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Rappaccini´s Daughter" (1844)

5. Raul d'Avila Pompéia, O Atenéu (1888)

Secondary readings: Myra Jehlen, American Incarnation. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1986, chap. 3; Susana Rotker, "Nation and Mockery: The Oppositional Writings of Simón Rodríguez," Modern Language Quarterly  57:2, June 1996, pp. 253-267. Anna Brickhouse, "I Do Abhor An Indian Story: Hawthorne and the Allegorization of Racial Comixture," ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance 42 (1996): 233-53; Anna Brickhouse, "Hawthorne in the Americas: Frances Calderón de la Barca, Octavio Paz, and the Mexican Genealogy of"Rappaccini´s Daughter"," PMLA 113:2 (March 1998): 227-42; Octavio Paz, "Rappaccini's Daughter," trans. Lois Parkinson Zamora, Mississippi Review 13:1-2 (1984), pp. 130-149; José López Heredia, Matéria e forma narrativa de "O Ateneu."  São Paulo: Quíron, 1979; Silviano Santiago, "O Ateneu: Contradição e perquirições," Luso-Brazilian Review 4 (1967), pp. 53-78; Ruth Miller Elson, "American Schoolbooks and 'Culture' in the Nineteenth Century," Mississippi Valley Historical Review XLVI, 3 (December 1959),pp.411-434

XI. Identity: Prosthetic Entities and Tumescent Ids

1. James Fennimore Cooper, Homeward Bound (1838); The  American Democrat (1838)

2. José de Alencar, O Guaraní (1857)

3. Jesús Galván, Enriquillo (1878, 1882) [Robert Graves, tr. The Cross and the Sword Bloomington:  Indiana UP, 1954] [Vid. Fr. Bartolome de las Casas, Historia de la Indias (1527-1562), 1875, re. Enriquillo]

Secondary Reading: Afrânio Coutinho,  "A literatura como fator da nacionalização brasileira," Revista Tempo Brasileiro, nos. 33-34, (abril-junho 1973);  Renata Wasserman, "The Red and the White: The Indian Novels of José de Alencar," PMLA (October 1983) and "Re-Inventing the New World: Cooper and Alencar," Comparative Literature  36:2 (Spring, 1984), pp. 130-145;  Doris Sommer, Foundational Fictions: National Romances of
Latin America. Berkeley: U California P, 1991, chaps. 5 & 8

XII.  Enduring Mythologies: Destined Myths and Manifest Destinies

1. John Quincy Adams and The Monroe Doctrine  ("Neutrality Act" of December 2, 1823)

2. Andrés Bello, "Investigaciones sobre la influencia de la conquista y del sistema colonial de los españoles en Chile," (1844)

3. José Martí, "A Glance at the North American Soul Today," [orig. La Nación, Jan. 16, 1886] in Martí on the U.S.A., trans. Luis A Baralt. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1966, pp. 197-98

4. John L. O'Sullivan, Editorial in United States Magazine and Democratic Review re "manifest destiny," 1845. Vid. Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1984, p.118, n.4

5. Euclides da Cunha, Os sertões (1902), edição crítica by Walnice Nogueira Galvão. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1985. Part II.2, "O Homem."  [vid. Mario Vargas Llosa, La guerra del fin del mundo, 1981] 

Secondary readings: João Cruz Costa, Contribuição à história das ideias no Brasil: O desenvolvimento da filosofia no Brasil e a evolução histórica nacional . Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1956, (Esbozo de una história de las ideas en el Brasil. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957); Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and American Mission in American History.  1963 rpt. New York: Vintage Random, 1966; Curtis Wilgus, "Official Expression of Manifest Destiny Sentiment Concerning Hispanic America, 1848-1871," Louisiana Historical Quarterly 15:3 (July 1932): 486-506; Gilberto Freyre, Perfil de Euclides e outros perfis. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1987; Thomas O. Beebee, "Os Sertões Illustrated," At
www2c.meshnet.or.jp/~taxi/07-97/sertao/sertoes1.html

XIII. Virtual Acts and Actual Virtues

1. José Martí, Nuestra América (1891)

2. José Enrique Rodó, Ariel  (1900)

3. Mario de Andrade, Macunaíma (1927)

4. Frederick Jackson Turner, History, Frontier, and Section (1891; 1893; 1925)

Secondary readings: Roberto Fernández Retamar, Caliban, apuntes sobre la cultura en nuestra América  (1973); Octavio Paz, "Mexico and the United States," The New Yorker (Sept. 17, 1979), pp.136-53: E. L. Doctorow, "False
Documents," in E. L. Doctorow: Essays & Conversations, ed. Richard Trenner. Princeton, NJ: Ontario Review Press, 1983; Carlos Fuentes, "The Politics of Experience," The Centennial Review 30 (Spring 1986), p.133; Renata R. Mautner Wasserman, "Preguiça and Power: Mário de Andrade's Macunaíma," Luso-Brazilian Review 21:1 (1984), pp. 99-116; Manuel Cavalcanti Proença, Roteiro de Macunaíma. São Paulo: Anhembi, 1955; Roberto Schwarz, "Brazilian Culture: Nationalism by Elimination," in John Gledson, ed., Misplaced Ideas. N.Y. & London: Verso, 1992. Pp. 1-18
 

1. Gilberto Freyre,  Casa grande e senzala (1933). "Prefácio a primeira edição"; Capítulo I.

2. Aimé Césaire,  Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (1939)

3. Fernando Ortiz, Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azucar (1940). Cap. II: ""Del fenómeno social  de la 'transculturación' y de su importancia en Cuba."

4. William Carlos Williams, In the American Grain (1923)

Secondary readings: Haroldo de Campos, "Beyond Exclusive Languages," in Latin America in Its Literature. César Fernández Moreno and Julio Ortega, eds. N.Y.: Holmes Meier, 1980, pp. 221-243; Angel Rama, "Los procesos de
transculturación en la narrative latinoamericana," in his La novela en América Latina: Panoramas 1920-1980. Veracruz: Universidad Veracruzana/Fundación Angel Rama, 1982, pp. 203-233; Fernando Coronil, "Transculturation and the Politics of Theory: Countering the Center, Cuban Counterpoint," in Fernando Ortiz, Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar. Trans. Harriet de Onís. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Pp. ix-lvi;  Thomas A. Hale, "Two Decades, Four Versions: The Evolution of Aimé Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal," in When the Drumbeat Changes,  Carolyn Parker and Stephen Arnold, eds. Washington: Three Continents Press, l98l, pp. l86-l95 and "Structural Dynamics in a Third World Classic: Aimé Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal," Yale French Studies, 53 (l976) pp. l63-l74; Renato Rosaldo, "Forward," in Néstor García Canclini, Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Christopher Chiappari & Silvia L. López, trans. Minneapolis: U Minnesota P, 1995, pp. xi-xvii; Silvia Spitta, Between Two Waters: Narratives of Transculturation in Latin America. Houston: Rice UP, 1995

XV. FINAL PRESENTATIONS

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